Combination of innovative technologies and historic heritage in spiritual and moral education of cadets

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Introduction The reform of the Russian armed forces has led to new requirements for higher military school and future officers training to serve the Motherland. In this regard, it became necessary to change the approaches to the selection of the military educa- tion content, to the methods and means of training and upbringing in military edu- cational institutions, to the forms of educational activities organization, to the na- ture of relations between teachers, commanders and cadets. Requirements to the military higher education institution graduates to be not only professionally, but also socially competent people, to possesswell-formed socially significant person- ality qualities, to be prepared for the changes occurring in the surrounding reality, to be guided by the values of the respectful attitude to peoplein the daily life, to have the developed sense of duty and honor, to be disciplined and responsible [1, p. 3] began to be put forward. At the same time, the complex socio-economic and ge- opolitical processes that have taken place in Russia in recent decades have been accompanied by spirituality and moralitycrisis, which has covered all spheres of the society, and hence the armed forces. The definition of the term spirituality that Kerimbayevagivesis as follows - a property of the soul consisting in the pre- dominance of spiritual, moral and intellectual interests over the material ones [2, p. 37]. Taking this definition into account, we note the lack of spirituality develop- ment in the military community, which is demonstrated by a survey conducted in 2018 among the cadets of higher naval educational institutions. According to the survey, 65% of informants are guided by material-consumer and social- statusmotivesinstead of the spiritual-moral ones in choosing the profession and forming the life position. The survey results are similar to the ones by D. Miralieva, who states that spiritual development and moral self-improvement are less attrac- tive to the young than the focus on material prosperity, good opportunities for rec- reation and entertainment and recognition and admiration of others [3, p. 41]. The- se facts make it relevant to comprehend the historical experience of solving the problems of cadets spiritual and moral education, to assess the effectiveness of the means available to the modern higher military school in this regard and to deter- mine the potential use of a variety of techniques and methods of positive pedagogi- cal impact on cadets. The aim of this article is to formulate recommendations for the innovative forms of cadets spiritual and moral education use and for the creative connection of historical content and modern technologies in the upbringing process in military educational institutions. The objectives of this study are to analyze the degree of the problem study in the modern psychological and pedagogical science; to determine the categorical apparatus of the research; to consider the ways of competition-project and virtual tour activitiesimplementing in the process of cadets spiritual and moral education. The novelty of this study is to combine innovative pedagogical technologies of virtual tours and competition-project with specific archival, historical and local his- tory material on the formation and development of the RussianBlack sea fleet and its naval base of Sevastopol. Review of the problem study In recent years, we have seen a lively scientific discussion on the research problem. Many modern domestic and foreign pedagogues and psychologists ana- lyze the influence of various factors on the young people spiritual and moral condi- tion and explore effective methods of educational impact on an individual. For ex- ample, the topic of museum and excursion activities is relevant for the scientific discourse of recent years. In this regard, E. Dudarenko has developed an algorithm of senior pupils spiritually-moral education pedagogical monitoring during after- hour tours of the Holy places [4]; G. Dudin provides a model for the students lin- guistic-cultural competence development, which is a synthesized virtual and real tour [5]; a virtual excursion as an innovative educational form is under the study by N. Ustyuzhanina [6]; patriotic education by means of Museum pedagogics is ex- plored by N. Delvig, N. Selezneva [7] and a foreign teacher J. Rose [8]; other as- pects of Museum pedagogy as a scientific discipline are explored in recent papers, performed by groups of auhors “The creative potential of Museum pedagogy with- in the modern society” [9] and the “Historical role of museums and libraries in in- formation support of educational environment” [10]. A Taiwanese scientist Y. Yu conducted a comparative analysis of three models of moral and ethical education in military academies [11], and Russian psychologists S. Kudinov, I. Kudinova and S. Belousova used the axiological approach to identify the typology of young people value orientations, which are as follows: pragmatic-professional, social- communicative and individual-egoistic types of personality axiological orientation [12, p. 95]. Spiritual and moral education from a historical perspective is studied by Grebenkin, who traced the military and cultural traditions of officers training in pre-revolutionary Russia [1] and V. Poda, who revealed the spiritual education pedagogical concept of V. Zenkovsky [13]. The use of innovative technologies in the process of spiritually-moral education was considered by foreign teachers Hong-Mei Li and Dan Han [14]; R. Ferdig, J. Coutts, J. DiPietro, B. Lok and N. Davis discussed social networking communities and multiplayer online role- playing games technologies [15]; Russian scientist, Professor L. Redkina revealed the potential of information and communication technologies in spiritually-moral education of servicemen [16]; N. Lapasov considered student-centered, adaptive and interactive learning education technologies [17]; S. Maksimov and Ye. Stepina studied the potential of military-historical reconstruction and staging, forming eth- nic and cultural identity, patriotic consciousness and desire to know one's native land [18]; L. Lokhvytska devoted her work to the integrated game moral inclusive technology, game modeling, polylogue, besting and visualization [19]. The works by N. Vengerova [20] and O. Sapanzha [21] are devoted to the categorical appa- ratus in the field of Museum pedagogy and innovative pedagogical technologies. The problems of political correctness and toleranceeducation, value-forming func- tions of native and foreign languages learning, subject-subject interaction in cross- cultural space are discussed in the articles by O. Golovko [22], A. Kagileva [23], I. Mambetova [24] and I. Starchikova [25]. Despite the problem considered in the article active presence in the modern scientific discourse, the topic of innovative technologies and historical heritage combination in cadets’ spiritual and moral edu- cation, using a specific local history material was studied fragmentally. Methodological basis and methods of the research The methodological basis of the study is: system approach, as cadets spiritual and moral education has the structure of a system; axiological approach, as value perception of the world is the result of spiritu- al and moral education; civilizational approach, as the transformation of the society spiritual and moral state and the genesis of spiritual and moral education system are conditioned by geopolitical and socio-economic changes. The methods of generalization and systematization, comparative and histori- cal-retrospective analysis of scientific literature on the research problem were used to solve theoretical problems. To analyze the level of cadets spiritual and moral de- velopment, the empirical methods of observation and questioning were applied. Research results A comprehensive study of any scientific problem involves its categorical appa- ratusdefinition. Following F. Mukhametzyanova, who studies the educational pro- cess in military schools, in this article we consider spiritual and moral education as a holistic pedagogically organized process of basic national values assimilation and adoption by cadets, the process having a hierarchical structure and complex organi- zation [26, p. 1064]. Interpreting the definition by N. Vengerova, we consider innovative pedagogical technology as a set of qualitatively new, original forms, techniques, methods and ways of education, which are purposefully and systematically embedded in teaching prac- tice, substantially changing the outcome of the educational process [10, p. 103]. In today's digitalized society it is relevant to find the ways to introduce innova- tive forms and methods of spiritual and moral education in the military sphere, to create electronic and technical educational environment. According to L. I. Redkina, the electronic and technical environment is designed to perform a number of tasks in the educational process: the creation of a cultural potential ac- cumulation system through the formation of the Russian army and the people as a whole intangible heritage resource base; the development of creative, social, per- sonal and instrumental competence of students; providing mobile information to the military community and civilian society in order to form a positive image of the military service [15, p. 123]. One of the components of the electronic-technical educational environment is a virtual tour, the technology of which is discussed in the framework of Museum pedagogy, which, accordingtoK. Milovanov, hasthepotentialofcultural, informa- tionalandupbringingpersonalityformation. Modern principles of museum environ- ment creation combine the bases of theoretical pedagogy, philosophy of education, history, culturology and art-criticism [9, p. 446]. The specificity of this environ- ment is the development of human individual’s cultural and moral potential by means of providing the open cultural-civilizational visual-image, verbal and tactile dialogue and interaction with the objects of spiritual heritage facilitated by innova- tive technologies [8, p. 36]. The following recommendations can contribute to the effective preparation and conduct of a virtual tour as an innovative form of educational, cultural and educa- tional work. The classification of virtual tours is as follows: by content: review, thematic, biographical. In practice, this division is often conditional; according to the creationmethod: with the help of presentation technologies; site making tools (creation of graphic maps, hyperlinks); geographic information systems (Yandex, Google); 3D modeling (creation of a separate objectmodel); use of panoramic compositions (creation of hot spots and transitions). The stages of a virtual tour: preparation -the selection of the ideological and thematic basis of the tour: development of the topic -the show and the story will be based on the topic, the choice of the topic depends on the potential demand or the purposeful creation of a virtual tours “bank”; the definition of goals and objectives - they are associated with the idea, for in the tour one provides not only the presentation of certain mate- rial, but also of clear ideological positions; selection of objects - the theme is revealed through pre-selected objects demonstration and enriched with certain impressions, mostly visual. The visual range should be constructed so that the topiccould be disclosedwithout a detailed story of the guide; making a plan, for example: Organizational moment. Introductory conver- sation. The story of the teacher using an electronic presentation. Quiz. Independent cadetswork. Reports of cadets on the work carried out. Summarizing; preparation of the text that meets the requirements of brevity, wordingclari- ty, factual material presence, literary language, the sequence of the text correspond- ing to the show, the disclosure of all sub-topics; conducting the tour - at the organizational moment the greeting, excursion topic, purpose, tasks and structure are announced. It is important to set up cadets to repeat and consolidate the material, if necessary, to organize their work with addi- tional sources of information, to reveal the nature of the work to be done, to com- municate the requirements for their behavior. The task of the introductory conver- sation is updating the cadets’knowledge on the topic. The role of the teacher in the process of conducting the main part of the virtual tour may consist in the organiza- tion of the cadets independent work in groups using electronic educational re- sources, instructions, guidance of their activities, advice during their viewing of the tour, as well as in setting tasks or problematic issues to activate the cadets while listening to the teacher’s story. In the final conversation the information received is summarized and systematized, impressionsare expressed. At the follow on stage, quizzes, games, competitions are held, creative tasks are performed, and the infor- mation obtained in the classroom is used. During the virtual tour it is recommended to use: methodical techniques of objectsdemonstration: preliminary examination - allows one to identify memorable details of the object, to compare one’s idea of it with its real state; panoramic display - with a virtual inspection of the area it is necessary to identify its composition center, to show the main objects in a certain sequence; visual (virtual) reconstruction of the original appearance of a partially preserved object mentally or using information-communication technologies, based on the information from the teacher’sstory; localization of events - recreation of historical events in a virtual area, localizing the cadets’attention using the words “right here”, “at this very place”, “just in this direction” and creating the effect of participation; abstraction - selection of the desired element from the whole; visual comparison and analogy; methodical techniquesof voice accompaniment: reference, description, characteristics - identification of distinctive properties; commenting - interpreta- tion of phenomena and events; citation - confirmation of the thought, preserving the features of the language and specifics of a certain historical period or people, getting acquainted with the authoritative opinion; questions and answers - activa- tion of the participants; retreat - reciting a poem, a life example to relieve fatigue and enhance attention in the future. In General, the principles of planning and conducting a virtual tour are similar to the traditional ones, but there is a number of advantages: interactivity, accessibil- ity of any geographical object or historical period, increasing the productivity of the educational process through digitalization, possibility of re-viewing, visibility, the effect of presence, contribution to the development of working with computer technologyskills. The technical side of the tour presents a great difficulty when it is not about the presentation, but about 3D modeling or a panorama. In such cases, it is recom- mended to utilize the network ready-to-use designs. Some of them are: trips to mu- seums and memorials of Sevastopol http://virtual-sevastopol.ru; the virtual Muse- um on the Ministry of defense website with the tours, panoramas, the excursion of “Varyag” cruiser - encyclopedia.mil.ru; 3D tour on the Museum of the World Ocean website of the project 641 “Foxtrot” submarine - world-ocean.ru; tours of medieval London, Russian reserves and American universities - http://www.edutainme.ru/post/7-trips/; excursions to the most essential museums of the world: Louvre, Metro, Tate gallery, Hermitage - https://www.gq.ru/travel/article/virtualnye-ekskursii-po-glavnym-muzeyam-mira/, the Manhattan project tour - the code name for the U.S. nuclear weapons pro- gram - k-25virtualmuseum.org. A virtual tour can be prepared and conducted not only by a teacher, but also by a cadet during the participation in a competition-project. Below there are the recommendations for the competition-project “The role of personalities in the history of Sevastopol” conduct, which was made up for the ca- dets of the Black sea higher naval school named after P. S. Nakhimov (Sevastopol). Cadets’ spiritual and moral education involves project activities aimed at military history and the outstanding personalities contribution in the fleetdevelopment study. An important skill in the research work of a historical nature is to deal with documents, in particular with archival ones, to be able to extract the information from them, to systematize and generalize it. At the same time, most graduates of military educational institutions do not even have basic skills of this kind. Project creative tasks are able to combine the creative use of innovative technologies and archival documents. An example of such a project is “The role of personalities in the history of Se- vastopol”. In these recommendations, we consider the project on the example of the activities byadmiral M. Lazarev. He headed Sevastopol and the port in the period before the Crimean war (1833-1851). The buildings and structures constructed by his efforts, preserved since then, the layout and architectural style of the central part of Sevastopol are now a valuable architectural heritage. Archival documents of the Russian state archive of the Navy (St. Petersburg) and the Archive of the city of Sevastopol allow us to trace how the construction transformations of Sevastopol were conceived and implemented in practice, what difficulties this process had to facewith. Many of the buildings mentioned in the documents have not survived to the present day. However, the text information about them has been preserved. The project is carried out in three stages. At the preparatory stage, students are explained the basic principles of archival cataloging and symbols. Then they are invited to study the archival documents published in the collections [27, 28, 29, 30] and to take notes of important information on the following topics: Sevastopol for- tress; the city center (Catherine street and square, Central hill), Admiralty, Water supply system, Barracks, Count's landing stage, Naval library, Flag officers and captains assembly house, Peter and Paul Cathedral, St. Vladimir Cathedral project, The development of archeology, The use of Donetsk coal. At the competition stage, the project leaders ask factual questions about the content of the documents, while the use of documents is allowed, but it is important to answer first. The command stage of the competition-project can be drawing from memory Lazarev era iconic objects of Sevastopol city center both preserved and lost on the contour map,. To do this, it is necessary to study the location of the fol- lowing objects in the documents and the modern map of Sevastopol: Tower of winds; aqueducts in Apollo and Ushakov ravines, the Ridge of lawlessness, the Pe- ter and Paul Cathedral, the place of the AdmiraltySt. Vladimir Cathedral establish- ment,Naval library (1844-1855), Catherine landing stage, Flag officers and captains assembly house, Mine (Admiralty) tower on Catherine street, the first Admiralty and a shipyard of the 1780s, Lazarev Admiralty, Lazarev barracks, Peresyp, Niko- lay, Pavel, Alexander,Constantine and Mikhailbatteries. Another task of the com- petition is to create a sketch of the Naval library bas-relief fragment. On the basis of M. P. Lazarev's letters, cadets need to choose one plot fragment and, having studied the analogies, create a sketch of this fragment. The the sketch creator should prepare and demonstrate a presentation of his sketch and make arguments that he most accurately embodied the wishes of M. Lazarev, set out in his letters. At the end of the competition the winners are announced. At the final stage, the leaders of the project will organize a visit to the Archive of the city of Sevastopol, where the cadets are given the opportunity to supplement the information received before. The final product of the project is a virtual tour “Lazarev places of Sevastopol” made by the cadets. Conclusion Taking all the above into account, we generalize that the use of innovative pedagogical technologies in the process of spiritual and moral education in military educational institutions is an actual and discussed problem of modern science. An example of such technologies is a virtual tour and competition-project “The role of personalities in the history of Sevastopol”. The regulations for such a project con- duct on the example of admiral M. P. Lazarev assumes harmonious and creative connection of work with information and communication technologies, archival materials, printed editions, virtual excursion planning and carrying out. The theme of such competition-projects can be the activity of any outstanding personalities who played a significant role in the development of a region, as well as a signifi- cant geopolitical or socio-cultural phenomenon or event that left a mark on the his- tory and present of any location. In particular, for the cadets of the Black sea Fleet of the Russian Federation it can be suggested to develop the competition-project “The Crimean war and Sevastopol”, the “Four battles of the Crimean war”, “The Contribution of Ja. M. Yukharin in moral and spiritual upbringing of the future Na- vy officers”, “A. A. Khanzhonkov - the founder of media education in the Navy”, “History of the Navy in the museums of Sevastopol” and many others. Participa- tion in such projects contributes to the formation of a worthy moral ideal, the culti- vation of patriotic feelings and pride in belonging to the Navy of the Russian Fed- eration, the development of skills in working with information in documents, ar- chival sources and improving the ability to use information and communication technologies.

About the authors

Olga V. Barskaya

Black Sea Higher Naval School named after P. Nakhimov of the Russian Federation Ministry of Defense

Email: olyabarska@yahoo.com
Senior Lecturer of Foreign Languages Department 1A, Dybenko str., Sevastopol, 299028

References

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