Vestnik of Samara State Technical University Psychological and Pedagogical SciencesVestnik of Samara State Technical University Psychological and Pedagogical SciencesВестник Самарского государственного технического университета. Серия: Психолого-педагогические науки1991-85692712-892XSamara State Technical University10910910.17673/vsgtu-pps.2022.2.7General psychologyОбщая психологияResearch ArticleProjective test of a treason psychological constructПроективный тест психологического конструкта изменыYusupovIldar M.ЮсуповИльдар Масгудович
Russian Federation

Doc. Psych. Sci., Professor of Developmental Psychology and Psychophysiology Department

доктор психологических наук, профессор кафедры «Психология развития и психофизиология»

knyaz5491@mail.ruKazan Innovative University named after V.G. TimiryasovКазанский инновационный университет имени В.Г. Тимирясова01072022192911120107202201072022Copyright ©; 2022, Yusupov I.M.Copyright ©; 2022, Юсупов И.М.2022Yusupov I.M.Юсупов И.М.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0https://vestnik-pp.samgtu.ru/1991-8569/article/view/109109

Treason and betrayal as psychosocial phenomena do not exist independently of a person. Many religions consider them to be a violation of a moral taboo. These deeds, marked since ancient times, are based on unchecked egoistic attitudes of a subject which dominate over the declared social norms, while traditional moral imperatives were always considered values of the society. The triggers of deviation from the accepted norms may be humiliation, envy and many other concomitant determinants which fringe upon a person’s self-esteem.

Treason is a psychological construct which cannot be directly quantitatively measured. By definition, treason is a process of a subject’s secret unilateral abuse of the trusting principles of community members’ coexistence. The most reliable markers of treason are the subject’s behavioral acts, most often performed subconsciously. They are akin to patterns — conservative schemes of behavior which crystallize as a product of additive algorithm as early as in the pre-school childhood. They are not manifested daily, but most often in crisis situations. The frequency of markers’ manifestations may indicate the established complexes; configuration of the latter as a result of an inflicted psychological trauma distorts the deeds normative for the society and serves as a predictor of treason.

The author proposes the following conception: the composition of a treason act ripens from the psychological complexes of a subject, which serve as predictors of the deed; the complexes are represented by complementary dyads: power — fear, offense — revenge, avidity — devaluation of values.

The objective of the theoretical and empirical research is to construct a diagnostic tool based on the protective mechanism of a subject’s projective identification while the subject attests the deeds of a thoroughly familiar person.

The test was validated with the help of volunteers with higher education and academic degrees. The diagnostic scales were normalized with a sigma method on a sample consisting of 242 people. At χ = 8.4 и σ = 2.2, a quintile scale of the subjects’ moral attitudes was calculated. The test reliability by Spearman-Brown formula was +0.76 and validity by criterion was +0.72. The test discriminatory power by Ferguson formula was determined as 0.857 ≈ 0.86.

The test checks on representative sample confirmed its compliance with all psychometric characteristics. Applicability limits were outlined, ulterior prognostic possibilities of the constructed diagnostic tool were revealed.

Измена и предательство как психосоциальные явления автономно от человека не существуют. Многими религиями они признаются как нарушение нравственного табу. В основе этих издревле отмеченных поступков лежат необузданные эгоистические установки субъекта, доминирующие над декларированными нормативами социума с его ценностями, к которым общество всегда относило традиционные морально-нравственные императивы. Триггером отступничества от принятых норм могут стать унижение, зависть и множество сопутствующих детерминант, ущемляющих самооценку человека.

Измена представляет собой психологический конструкт, который непосредственно не поддается количественному измерению. По определению, измена — процесс тайного одностороннего нарушения субъектом доверительных принципов сосуществования членов содружества. Наиболее достоверными маркерами измены предстают поведенческие акты субъекта, чаще совершаемые им подсознательно. Они сродни пáттернам — консервативным узорам поведения, кристаллизовавшимся как продукт адаптивных алгоритмов еще в дошкольном детстве. Их проявление встречается не повседневно, а чаще в кризисных ситуациях жизни. По частоте проявлений маркеров можно судить о взращенных комплексах, конфигурация которых вследствие нанесенной психической травмы искажает нормативные для общества поступки и служит предиктором измены.

Выдвинута концепция: композиция акта измены вызревает из психологических комплексов субъекта, которые являются предикторами поступка; комплексы представлены комплементарными диадами: власть — страх, обида — месть, алчность — девальвация ценностей.

Цель теоретико-эмпирического исследования — сконструировать диагностический инструмент, основанный на защитном механизме проективной индентификации субъекта при аттестации им поступков хорошо знакомого человека.

В испытаниях теста приняли участие волонтеры с высшим образованием и учеными степенями. Нормализация диагностических шкал проведена сигмальным методом в выборке 242 человека. При χ = 8,4 и σ = 2,2 вычислена квинтильная шкала нравственных установок субъектов. Надежность теста по формуле Спирмена-Брауна составила +0,76, а валидность по критерию +0,72. Дискриминативность теста по формуле Фергюсона определилась как 0,857 ≈ 0,86.

Испытания теста на репрезентативной выборке подтвердили его соответствие всем психометрическим характеристикам. Были очерчены границы применимости и выявлены скрытые прогностические возможности сконструированного диагностического инструмента.

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